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Phone look up 307 532 888512/16/2023 ![]() ![]() In comparison, insulin resistance is insidious and affects a far greater number of people. These diseases are significant and can abruptly interrupt health, especially for children. There are diseases with impairments in insulin production, as in type 1 diabetes or in the monogenic maturity onset diabetes of the young (MODY) syndromes. Thus, understanding the pathogenesis of insulin resistance has become increasingly important to guide the development of future therapies and inform health and economic policy.Īs stated above, insulin action essentially provides an integrated set of signals that allow us to balance nutrient availability and demands ( Figure 1). Insulin resistance is sine quo non with the pathogenesis for many of these modern diseases. These diseases exact tremendous tolls on society, through both the loss of health and quality of life but also on health system resources. Obesity is now endemic and societies are grappling with the rising prevalence of obesity-associated diseases, including the metabolic syndrome, nonalcoholic fatty liver disease (NAFLD), type 2 diabetes (T2D) and atherosclerotic heart disease. In a remarkably short time, we have altered an environment of caloric scarcity and high caloric demands into one with abundant caloric supply with very little caloric demands. Though this ability to store dietary energy for later times has supported the development of animal life for nearly 600 billion years, it has recently gone awry for humans. Following nutrient consumption, insulin promotes carbohydrate uptake at key storage sites and prompts the conversion of carbohydrate and protein to lipids, a more efficient storage for calories. The secretion and action of insulin (and related molecules in lower phyla) provided a solution to this central problem. ![]() Animals solved this problem by developing integrated mechanisms to promote anabolism when calorie supply exceeds demands but readily become catabolic when demands cannot be met with consumption. Nutrient sources are often scarce and caloric demands constantly change. This defining characteristic poses a central challenge. All metazoa are heterotrophic they need to eat. ![]()
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